Homer Stille Cummings Totally Explained

Everything about Homer Stille Cummings totally explained

Homer Stille Cummings (April 30 1870 - September 10 1956) was a U.S. political figure who most notably served as United States Attorney General from 1933 to 1939. He also was elected mayor of Stamford, Connecticut, three times before, founding the legal firm of Cummings & Lockwood in 1909. He later served as chairman of Democratic National Committee between 1919 and 1920.
   Cummings graduated from the Heathcote School in Buffalo, New York, and earned a Ph.B. degree from the Sheffield School of Yale University in 1891, he then graduated from Yale Law School two years later. Practicing law in Stamford, he joined with Charles D. Lockwood in 1909 to form Cummings & Lockwood, remaining a partner in the firm until 1933.
   Just three years after entering private practice, Cummings supported William Jennings Bryan's 1896 presidential bid, with Connecticut Democrats then nominating him for secretary of state. As a Progressive whose oratorical skills made him a dramatic trial lawyer, Cummings seemed a natural for the political arena.
   In 1900, 1901, and 1904, Cummings was elected mayor of Stamford. At the time of his first election, he began a quarter-century of service as a committeeman from Connecticut with the national Democratic party. As mayor, he helped construct and improve streets and sewers, reorganized the police and fire departments, and secured a shorefront park that later named for him.
   Nominated for congressman-at-large in 1902 and for U.S. Senator in 1910 and 1916, he lost all three races by narrow margins. During the 1912 campaign, he directed the Democratic speaker's bureau from Washington, D.C., then served as vice-chairman of the national committee from 1913 to 1919 before becoming chairman for the next two years.
   During the period from 1914 to 1924, Cummings served as the state attorney for Connecticut in Fairfield County and during Cummings' last year as county prosecutor, a vagrant, Harold Israel, was indicted for the murder of a popular parish priest on a street corner in Bridgeport. Despite evidence that included a confession, Cummings conducted a thorough investigation and eventually found Israel innocent of the crime. In 1931, the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (the Wickersham Commission) praised this act, with a 1947 film Boomerang (directed by Elia Kazan) dramatizing the affair.
   During the bitterly divided 1924 Democratic National Convention, Cummings made an attempt to calm the delegates by formulating a compromise plank on the controversial issue of the Ku Klux Klan. Unlike most Northeasteners, however, he supported William G. McAdoo over Alfred E. Smith for the presidential nomination.
   Cummings was married four times, the first two ending in divorce. In 1897, he wed Helen W. Smith, a union that lasted 10 years. The couple had one son, Dickinson Schuyler Cummings. His 1909 marriage to Marguerite T. Owings also ended in divorce in 1928. The following year, Mary Cecilia Waterbury became his bride, a marriage that lasted until her death in 1939, publishing a memoir. "The Tired Sea" (1939), as a tribute to her. In 1942, he married Julia Alter, who died in 1955.
   After nearly a decade out of the spotlight, Cummings reentered politics. In 1932, he helped persuade twenty-four senators and numerous congressmen to announce their support for Franklin D. Roosevelt, and at the Chicago convention, planned strategy, operated as floor manager, and delivered a resounding seconding speech.
   Following the election, Roosevelt chose Cummings as governor-general of the Philippines, but two days before the inauguration, Thomas J. Walsh, who had been designated attorney general, died. Roosevelt named Cummings to lead the Justice Department upon taking office on March 4, 1933. Cummings accepted the post on a temporary, emergency basis, before a few weeks later, permanently accepting the job. Serving almost six years as attorney general, only William Wirt (1817-1829) had a longer tenure in the position.
   Cummings transformed the Department of Justice by establishing uniform rules of practice and procedure in federal courts. He secured the passage of twelve laws that buttressed the "Lindbergh Law" on kidnapping, made bank robbery a federal crime, cracked down on interstate transportation of stolen property, and extended federal regulations over firearms. He strengthened the Federal Bureau of Investigation, called a national crime conference, supported the establishment of Alcatraz as a model prison for hardened offenders, and reorganized the internal administration of the department. In 1937, Cummings published "We Can Prevent Crime", and, with Carl McFarlan, an assistant attorney general, "Federal Justice," a departmental history. "The Selected Papers of Homer Cummings" (1939), edited by Carl B. Swisher, supplemented the history.
   Cummings served as the chief protector of New Deal programs, and during his first week as attorney general, advised Roosevelt that the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 permitted the president to close banks and regulate gold hoarding and export. Cummings personally argued the right of the government to ban gold payments before the U.S. Supreme Court and won the "gold clause" cases. However, during 1935-1936, the Court overthrew eight key statutes, including the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA).
   Frustration over the conservative nature of the Court, coupled with outrage over the proliferation of lawsuits and injunctions against the government made Cummings eager to expand the judiciary. After the 1936 Presidential election, Roosevelt instructed him to draft legislation for court reform, with neither man wishing to alter the Constitution.
   Both were attracted by an idea proposed earlier by conservative Justice James McReynolds, to add a judge for every judge who refused to retire at age seventy at full pay. Such a measure might give the president the opportunity to appoint fifty new judges, including six to the Supreme Court. Roosevelt launched the proposal, prepared secretly by Cummings, on February 5, 1937, with the ensuing uproar over the “court-packing plan” helping kill the bill after 168 days the Senate by returning it to committee.
   Cummings retired on January 2 1939, entering private law practice in Washington while also beginning a spring golf tournament that annually brought executives, lawyers, and politicians together. He also retained his interest in the Connecticut Democratic party, along with a residence in Greenwich, Connecticut, and served on the Greenwich Town Committee until 1951.

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